For sound treatments, we used several types of music, as well as a mix of urban sounds (e.g., sirens, vehicles, and construction equipment), each at volumes comparable to a busy city street or farm tractor. We used a study system of lady beetles, soybean aphids, and soybean plants, which are a useful model for studying the direct and indirect effects of global change on food webs. We report here on a series of experiments to test the hypothesis that anthropogenic sound can generate cascading indirect effects within a community.
Thus, to fully appreciate the net effect of anthropogenic sound, it may be important to consider both direct and indirect effects.
Organisms may be directly affected by anthropogenic sound in many ways, including interference with their ability to detect mates, predators, or food, and disturbances that directly affect one organism may in turn have indirect effects on others. Anthropogenic sound is increasingly considered a major environmental issue, but its effects are relatively unstudied.
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